Does Self-Efficacy Moderate the Effect of Customer Incivility on Work Engagement?

Authors

  • I Made Siddhi Wisesa Faculty of Economics and Business, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia Jl. Raya Kampus Unud No.2013, Jimbaran, Kec. Kuta Selatan, Kabupaten Badung, Bali 80361
  • Agoes Ganesha Rahyuda Faculty of Economics and Business, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia Jl. Raya Kampus Unud No.2013, Jimbaran, Kec. Kuta Selatan, Kabupaten Badung, Bali 80361

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21632/irjbs.17.3.281-292

Keywords:

Customer Incivility, Work Engagement, Self-Efficacy

Abstract

This research aims to determine how customer incivility can impact frontlines’ work engagement and how self-efficacy moderates the relationship between customer incivility and frontlines’ work engagement. This research uses a saturated or census sampling technique, which is included in non-probability sampling with a sample of 70 participants. The data for this research is obtained through questionnaires and interviews. This research uses Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Research analysis shows that customer incivility can reduce the level of work engagement of frontline employees. A high level of self-efficacy can maintain or increase the level of work engagement of frontline employees even though these employees experience customer incivility.

References

Abbas, R. Z., Murad, H. S., Yazdani, N., & Asghar, A. (2014). Extending “Kahn’s Model of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work” with Reference to Existential Attributes. International Journal of Social Economics, 41(1), 2-31. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-10-2012-0143

Abuelhassan, A. E., & AlGassim, A. (2022). How organizational justice in the hospitality industry influences proactive customer service performance through general self-efficacy. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 34(7), 2579-2596. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-10-2021-1238

Adil, M. S., Hamid, K. B., & Waqas, M. (2020). Impact of perceived organizational support and workplace incivility on work engagement and creative work involvement: a moderating role of creative self-efficacy . Int. J. Management Practice, 13(2), 117-150. https://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJMP.2020.105671

Albrecht, S., Bakker, A., Gruman, J., Macey, W., & Saks, A. (2015). Employee Engagement, Human Resource Management Practices and Competitive Advantage: an Integrated Approach. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 2(1), 7-35. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOEPP-08-2014-0042

Ali, B. J., Gardi, B., Othman, B. J., Ahmed, S. A., Ismael, N. B., Hamza, P. A., . . . Anwar, G. (2021). Hotel service quality: The impact of service quality on customer satisfaction in hospitality. International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management, 5(3), 14-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijebm.5.3.2

Anderson, L. M., & Pearson, C. M. (1999). Tit for tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace. Academy of Management Review , 24(3), 452-471. https://doi.org/10.2307/259136

Bakker, A. B., & Costa, P. L. (2014). Chronic Job Burnout and Daily Functioning: A Theoretical Analysis. Burnout Research, 1(3), 112-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burn.2014.04.003

Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job Demands–Resources Theory: Taking Stock and Looking Forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273–285. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/ocp0000056

Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191

Bandura, A. (2012). On the Functional Properties of Perceived Self-Efficacy Revisited. Journal of management, 38(1), 9-44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311410606

Binyamin, G., & Carmeli, A. (2010). Does structuring of human resource management processes enhance employee creativity? The mediating role of psychological availability. Human Resource Management, 49, 999-1024. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20397

Blau, G., & Anderson, L. (2005). Testing a measure of instigated workplace incivility. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78(4), 595-614.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/096317905X26822

Bon, A. T., & Shire, A. M. (2022). Review of Conservation of Resources Theory in Job Demands and Resources Model. International Journal of Global Optimization and Its Application, 1(4), 236-248. https://doi.org/10.56225/ijgoia.v1i4.102

Boukis, A., Chistos, K., Daunt, K. L., & Papastathopoulos, A. (2020). Effects of customer incivility on frontline employees and the moderating role of supervisor leadership style. Tourism Management , 77, 16-20. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4256998

Buchwald, P., & Schwarzer, C. (2010). Impact of Assessment on Students’ Test Anxiety.

International Encyclopedia of Education, 3(1), 498 - 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-044894-7.00304-3

Caesans, G., & Stinglhamber, F. (2014). The relationship between perceived organizational support and work engagement: The role of self-efficacy and its outcomes. European Review of Applied Psychology, 64(5), 259-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2014.08.002

Chan, E. S., Ho, S. K., Ip, F. F., & Wong, M. W. (2020). Self-efficacy, work engagement, and job satisfaction among teaching assistants in Hong Kong's inclusive education. Sage Open, 10(3), 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020941008

Chen, G., Gully, S. M., & Eden, D. (2001). Validation of a New General Self-Efficacy Scale.

Organizational Research Method, 4(1), 62-83. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442810141004

Chen, Y.-S., & Huang, S. Y. (2016). A conservation of resources view of personal engagement in the development of innovative behavior and work-family conflict. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 29(6), 1030-1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-

-2015-0213

Cheng, B., Dong, Y., Xing, Z., Guo, G., & Peng, Y. (2020). Does customer incivility undermine employees’ service performance? International Journal of Hospitality Management, 89, 102544-102554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102544

Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands- resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499–512. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499

Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological Safety and Learning Behavior in Work Teams.

Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 350-383. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666999

Ghozali, I. (2018). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan Program IBM SPSS 25. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.

Habibi, E., Poorabdian, S., & Shakerian, M. (2015). Job strain (demands and control model) as a predictor of cardiovascular risk factors among petrochemical personnel. Journal of education and health promotion, 4(16), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.4103%2F2277- 9531.154034

Hendricks, K. S. (2016). The Sources of Self-Efficacy. Update: Applications of Research in Music Education, 35(1), 32-38. https://doi.org/10.1177/8755123315576535

Hobfol, S. E., & Ford, J. S. (2007). Conservation of Resources Theory. Encylopedia of Stress, 1(1), 562 - 267. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012373947-6.00093-3

Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513-524. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0003- 066X.44.3.513

Hur, W.-M., Shin, Y., & Shin, G. (2022). Daily relationships between customer incivility, organizational control, self-efficacy, and service performance. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 69, 55-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2022.103092

Hwang, Y., Shi, X., & Wang, X. (2021). Hospitality employees’ emotions in the workplace: a systematic review of recent literature. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(10), 3752-3796. 3752-3796. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-12-2020-

Jalagat Jr., R. (2016). Job Performance, Job Satisfaction, and Motivation: A Critical Review of their Relationship. International Journal of Advances in Management and Economics, 5(6), 36-42. https://www.managementjournal.info/index.php/IJAME/article/view/64

Jang, J., Jo, W., & Kim, J. S. (2020). Can employee workplace counteract the indirect effect of customer incivility on proactive service performance through work engagement? A moderated mediation model. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 29(4), 1- 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2020.1725954

Kabir, S. M. (2016). Methods of Data Collection. In S. M. Kabir (Ed.), Basic Guidelines for Research: An Introductory Approach for All Disciplines (pp. 201-275). Bangladesh: Book Zone Publication.

Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692-724.

https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.2307/256287

Karatepe, O. M., Ozturk, A., & Kim, T. T. (2019). The effects of nonwork and personal resources on frontline bank employees' work engagement and critical job outcomes. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 37(3), 858-879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-05-2018- 0133

Kristiana, I. F., Fajrianthi, & Purwono, U. (2019). Analisis Rasch Dalam Utrecht Work Engagement Scale-9 (UWES 9) Versi Bahasa Indonesia. Jurnal Psikologi Universitas Diponegoro, 17(2), 204-217. Diponegoro, 17(2), 204-217.

https://doi.org/10.14710/jp.17.2.204-217

Latham, G. P. (2012). Work Motivation: History, Theory, Research, and Practice. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications Inc.

Lee, W. S., & Moon, J. (2018). Attributes of the coffee shop business related to customer satisfaction. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 21(6), 628-641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15378020.2018.1524227

Leiter, M. P., Maslach, C., & Frame, K. (2014). Burnout. The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118625392.wbecp142

Mache, S., Vitzthum, K., Wanke, E., Groneberg, D. A., Klapp, B. F., & Danzer, G. (2014). Exploring the impact of resilience, self-efficacy, optimism and organizational resources on work engagement. Work, 47(4), 491-500. https://doi.org/10.3233/wor-131617

Makara-Studzinska, M., Golonka, K., & Izydorczyk, B. (2019). Self-Efficacy as a Moderator between Stress and Professional Burnout in Firefighters. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(2), 183-199.

https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph1602018

Memon, M. A., Salleh, R., Mirza, M. Z., Cheah, J.-H., Ting, H., Ahmad, M. S., & Tariq, A. (2021). Satisfaction matters: the relationships between HRM practices, work engagement and turnover intention. International Journal of Manpower, 42(1), 21-50.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJM-04-2018-0127

Meyer, K. E., & Peng, M. W. (2005). Probing Theoretically into Central and Eastern Europe: Transactions, Resources, and Institutions. Journal of International Business Studies, 36(6), 600-621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400167

Morrow, P. C., McElroy, J. C., & Scheibe, K. P. (2011). Work unit incivility, job satisfaction, and total quality management among transportation employees. Transportation Research Part E, 47, 1210-1220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2011.03.004

Mostafa, A. M. (2022). Customer Incivility, Work Engagement and Service-Oriented Citizenship Behaviors: Does Servant Leadership Make a Difference? Human Performance, 35(1), 31- 47. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2021.1998061

Naeem, M., Weng, Q., Ali, A., & Hameed, Z. (2020). Linking family incivility to workplace incivility: Mediating role of negative emotions and moderating role of self-efficacy for emotional regulation. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 23(1), 69-81. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/ajsp.12391

Na-Nan, K., & Sanamthong, E. (2020). Self-efficacy and employee job performance: Mediating effects of perceived workplace support, motivation to transfer and transfer of training. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 37(1), 1-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJQRM-01-2019-0013

Newman, A., Donohue, R., & Eva, N. (2017). Psychological safety: A systematic review of the literature. Human Resource Management Review, 27(3), 521-535. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.01.001

Nunkoo, R., Teeroovengaduma, V., Ringlee, C. M., & Sunnassee, V. (2020). Service quality and customer satisfaction: The moderating effects of hotel star rating. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 91, 76-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.102414

Orlowski, M., Bufquin, D., & Nalley, M. E. (2021). The influence of social perceptions on restaurant employee work engagement and extra-role customer service behavior: A moderated mediation model. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 67(2), 261-275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1938965520910119

Pearsall, M. J., & Ellis, A. P. (2011). Thick as thieves: The effects of ethical orientation and psychological safety on unethical team behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(2), 401-411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0021503

Pfitzner-Eden, F. (2016). Why Do I Feel More Confident? Bandura's Sources Predict Preservice Teachers' Latent Changes in Teacher Self-Efficacy. Frontiers In Psychology, 7, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2016.01486

Prentice, C., Lopes, S. D., & Wang, X. W. (2020). The impact of artificial intelligence and employee service quality on customer satisfaction and loyalty. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 29(7), 739-756.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2020.1722304

Rai, A., & Maheshwari, S. (2021). Exploring the mediating role of work engagement between the linkages of job characteristics with organizational engagement and job satisfaction. Management Research Review, 44(1), 133-157. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-10-2019-

Rhee, S.-Y., Hur, W.-M., & Kim, M. (2017). The Relationship of Coworker Incivility to Job Performance and the Moderating Role of Self-Efficacy and Compassion at Work: The Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) Approach. Journal of Business and Psychology, 32(6), 711- 726. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s10869-016-9469-2

Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi‐sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 295-315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.248

Schaufeli, W. B., & Taris, T. W. (2014). A Critical Review of the Job Demands-Resources Model: Implications for Improving Work and Health. In Bridging Occupational, Organizational and Public Health (pp. 43-68). Springer: Dordrecht.

Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., Gonzalez-roma, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The Measurement of Engagement and Burnout: A Two Sample Confirmatory Factor Analytic Approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71-92.

https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1023/A:1015630930326

Schilpzand, P., De Pater, I. E., & Erez, A. (2016). Workplace incivility: A review of the literature and agenda for future research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37, S57–S88. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1002/job.1976

Schunk, D. H., & DiBenedetto, M. K. (2019). Motivation and social cognitive theory.

Contemporary Educational Psychology, 60, 121-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2019.101832

Sliter, M., & Jones, M. (2016). A qualitative and quantitative examination of the antecedents of customer incivility. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 21(2), 208-219.

https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0039897

Sliter, M., Jex, S., Wolford, K., & McInnerney, J. (2010). How rude! Emotional labor as a mediator between customer incivility and employee outcomes. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15(4), 468–481. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0020723

Sliter, M., Sliter, K., & Jex, S. (2012). The employee as a punching bag: The effect of multiple sources of incivility on employee withdrawal behavior and sales performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(1), 121-139. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1002/job.767

Solimun, Rinaldo, A. A., & Nurjannah. (2017). Metode Statistika Multivariat Pemodelan Persamaan Struktural (SEM) Pendekatan WarpPLS. Malang: Universitas Brawijaya Press.

Stajkovic, A. D., & Luthans, F. (1998). Self-efficacy and work-related performance: A meta- analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 124(2), 240-261.

https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.240

Sugiyono. (2019). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.

Tahmassian, K., & Moghadam, N. J. (2011). Relationship Between Self-Efficacy and Symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, Worry and Social Avoidance in a Normal Sample of Students. Iranian journal of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, 5(2), 91-98.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc3939966/

Tian, G., Wang, J., Zhang, Z., & Weng, Y. (2019). Self-efficacy and work performance: The role of work engagement. Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal, 47(12), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.8528

Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., & Derks, D. (2012). Development and validation of the job crafting scale.

Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(1), 173-186. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.05.009

Ugwu, F. O., Onyishi, E. I., Anozie, O. O., & Ugwu, L. E. (2021). Customer incivility and employee work engagement in the hospitality industry: roles of supervisor positive gossip and workplace friendship prevalence. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 5(3), 515-534. 515-534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-06-2020-0113

Van der Bijl, J., & Shortridge-Baggett, L. M. (2001). The theory and measurement of the self- efficacy construct. Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice, 15(13), 189-207. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-7182.15.3.189

Wang, C.-H., & Chen, H.-T. (2020). Relationships among workplace incivility, work engagement and job performance. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 3(4), 415-429. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-09-2019-0105

Wang, M., Liao, H., Zhan, Y., & Shi, J. (2011). Daily Customer Mistreatment and Employee Sabotage Against Customers:Examining Emotion and Resource Perspectives. Academy of Management Journal, 54(2), 312-334. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.60263093

Wang, X., Guchait, P., Khoa, D. T., Paşamehmetoğlu, A., & Wen, X. (2022). Hospitality employees’ affective experience of shame, self-efficacy beliefs and job behaviors: The alleviating role of error tolerance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 102, 145-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103162

Wilson, N. L., & Holmvall, C. M. (2013). The development and validation of the Incivility from Customers Scale. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18(3), 310-326. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0032753

Wrzesniewski, A., & Dutton, J. E. (2001). Crafting a Job: Revisioning Employees as Active Crafters of Their Work. Academy of Management Review, 26(2), 179-201. https://doi.org/10.2307/259118

Yu, J., Ariza-Montes, A., Giorgi, G., Lee, A., & Han, H. (2020). Sustainable Relationship Development between Hotel Company and Its Employees: Linking Job Embeddedness, Job Satisfaction, Self-Efficacy, Job Performance, Work Engagement, and Turnover. Sustainability, 12(17), 7168-7183. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177168

Zhu, J. N., Lam, L. W., & Lai, J. Y. (2019). Returning good for evil: A study of customer incivility and extra-role customer service. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 81, 65- 72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.03.004

Downloads

Submitted

07/06/2024

Accepted

12/09/2024

Published

12/16/2024

How to Cite

Wisesa, I. M. S., & Rahyuda, A. G. (2024). Does Self-Efficacy Moderate the Effect of Customer Incivility on Work Engagement?. International Research Journal of Business Studies, 17(3), 281-292. https://doi.org/10.21632/irjbs.17.3.281-292

How to Cite

Wisesa, I. M. S., & Rahyuda, A. G. (2024). Does Self-Efficacy Moderate the Effect of Customer Incivility on Work Engagement?. International Research Journal of Business Studies, 17(3), 281-292. https://doi.org/10.21632/irjbs.17.3.281-292