The Effect of Credit among Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises on Income Inequality in Indonesia

Authors

  • Alvin Desfiandi School of Business and Economics, Universitas Prasetiya Mulya, BSD City Kavling Edutown I.1, Jl. BSD Raya Utama, BSD City 15339 Kabupaten Tangerang, Indonesia
  • Rama Prima Putra School of Business and Economics, Universitas Prasetiya Mulya, BSD City Kavling Edutown I.1, Jl. BSD Raya Utama, BSD City 15339 Kabupaten Tangerang, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21632/irjbs.16.3.263-274

Keywords:

Income Inequality, MSME Credit, Micro Credit, Economic Growth, Indonesia

Abstract

Income inequality has become a growing global concern during the last two decades. High income inequality can hinder economic growth, and in the case of Indonesia, the Gini coefficient continues to show an increasing trend. One of the factors that increase the level of income inequality is inequality in business opportunities and access to capital. To address this issue, the government created a credit program to benefit micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). MSME loans are basically designed to increase equality through the promotion of business opportunities. The authors seek to study the impact of MSME credit on income inequality in Indonesia using panel data with random effects in 33 provinces from 2005-2016. The results of this study are expected to provide an overview of whether the existing MSME credit program has been running effectively or not.

References

Alvaredo, F., Chancel, L., Pikkety, T., Saez, E., & Zucman, G. (2018). World Inequality Report 2018. Paris: Paris School of Economics.

Anderson, E., Jalles D'Orey, M., Duvendack, M., & Esposito, L. (2016). Does Government Spending Affect Income Inequality? A Meta-Regression Analysis. Journal of Economic Surveys, 31(4), 961-987.

Andrews, D., Sanchez, A.C., & Johansson, A. (2011). Towards a Better Understanding of the Informal Economy. OECD Economics Department Working Paper, 873.

Bangoura, L., Khary Mbow, M., Lessoua, A. & Diaw, D. (2016). Impact of Microfinance on Poverty and Inequality A Heterogeneous Panel Causality Analysis. Revue d'économie politique, 126(5), 789-818.

Bird, K., Hattel, K., Sasaki, E., & Attapich, L. Poverty, Income Inequality, and Microfinance in Thailand. Southeast Asia Working Paper. Philippines: Asian Development Bank.

Blanden, J., & Macmillan, L. (2016). Educational Inequality, Educational Expansion and Intergenerational Mobility. Journal of Social Policy, 45(4), 589-614.

Chongvilaivan, A. (2014) Inequality in Southeast Asia. In Kanbur, R., Rhee, C. and Zhuang, J. (eds), Inequality in Asia and the Pacific: Trends, Drivers and Policy Implications. Routledge: London.

Coady, D. & Dizioli, A. (2017). Income Inequality and Education Revisited: Persistence, Endogeneity, and Heterogeneity. IMF Working Paper, No. 17/126. Fiscal Affairs Department: International Monetary Fund.

Crawford, C., Gregg, P., Macmillan, L., Vignoles, A., & Wyness, G. (2016). Higher education, career opportunities, and intergenerational inequality. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 32(4), 553-575.

Dabla-Norris, E., Kochhar, K., Suphaphiphat, N., Ricka, F. and Tsounta, E. (2015). Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality: A Global Perspective. Staff Discussion Note, No. 15/13.

De Haas, R. (2015). The Impact of Microcredit: Evidence from Across the World (EBRD Impact Brief 3). Retrieved from: https://www.ebrd.com/publications/impact-of-microcredit.

Ekberg, J., Chowdhuri, R., Soejachmoen, M.P., & Hermanus, B. (2015). Financial Deepening in Indonesia. Retrieved from the Oliver Wyman website:

https://www.oliverwyman.com/our-expertise/insights/2015/sep/financial-deepening-in-indonesia.html.

González Gordón, I., & Resosudarmo, B. (2018). A sectoral growth‐income inequality nexus in Indonesia. Regional Science Policy & Practice, 11(1), 123-139.

Harjes, T. (2007). Globalization and Income Inequality: A European Perspective. IMF Working Paper. European Department: International Monetary Fund.

Hermes, N. (2001). Does Globalization Make the World More Unequal? NBER Working Paper, No. 8228.

Hermes, N. (2014). Does Microfinance Affect Income Inequality? Applied Economics Journal, 46(9), 1021-1034.

Huber, E., Gunderson, J., & Stephens, J. (2019). Private education and inequality in the knowledge economy. Policy and Society, 1-18.

Jerrim, J., & Macmillan, L. (2015). Income Inequality, Intergenerational Mobility, and the Great Gatsby Curve: Is Education the Key? Social Forces, 94(2), 505-533.

Kasali, T., Ahmad, S., & Ean, L. (2015). The Role of Microfinance in Poverty Alleviation: Empirical Evidence from South-West Nigeria. Asian Social Science, 11(21).

Keller, K. (2010). How Can Education Policy Improve Income Distribution? An Empirical Analysis of Education Stages and Measures on Income Inequality. The Journal of Developing Areas, 43(2), 51-77.

Kremer, M. & Maskin, E. (2006). Globalization and Inequality. Working Paper, 2008-0087.

Lakner, C., & Milanovic, B. (2013). Global Income Distribution: From the Fall of the Berlin Wall to the Great Recession. Policy Research Working Papers.

Lyubimov, I. (2017). Income inequality revisited 60 years later: Piketty vs Kuznets. Russian Journal of Economics, 3(1), 42-53

Milanovic, B. & Squire, Lyn. (2005). Does Tariff Liberalization Increase Wage Inequality? Some Empirical Evidence. NBER Working Paper, No. 11046.

Morduch, J. & Haley, B. (2002). Analysis of the Effects of Microfinance on Poverty Reduction. NYU Wagner Working Paper, No. 1014.

Navajas, S., Schreiner, M., Meyer, R.L., & Gonzalez-Vega, C. (2000). Microcredit and the poorest of the poor: Theory and evidence from Bolivia, World Development, 28:2, 333-346.

OECD. (2011). An Overview of Growing Income Inequalities in OECD Countries: Main Findings. In Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Rising. OECD Publishing: Paris.

Osorio, C.G., Abriningrum, D.E., Armas, E.B., & Firdaus, M. (2011). Who is Benefiting from Fertilizer Subsidies in Indonesia? Policy Research Working Paper, 5758. Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit: The World Bank.

Pamungkas, P., Rugemintwari, C., Tarazi, A., & Trinugroho, I. (2019). Bank Lending and Income Inequality: Evidence from Indonesia. Retrieved from the SSRN website: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2708469

Pitt, M.M. & Khandker, R. (1998). The impact of group-based credit programs on poor households in Bangladesh: Does the gender of participants matter?, Journal of Political Economy, 106:5, 958-996.

Rougoor, W., & van Marrewijk, C. (2015). Demography, Growth, and Global Income Inequality. World Development, 74, 220-232.

Tchouassi, G. (2011). Microfinance, inequality and vulnerability: Empirical analysis from Central African countries. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 3, 150-156.

ULU, M. (2018). The Effect of Government Social Spending on Income Inequality in OECD: A Panel Data Analysis. Uluslararası Ekonomi Siyaset İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 1 (3), 184-202.

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and The Pacific. (2018). Inequality in asia and the pacific in the era of the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Bangkok: United Nations Publications.

Van Phan, P., O’Brien, M., Mendolia, S., & Paloyo, A. (2017). National pro-poor spending programmes and their effect on income inequality and poverty: Evidence from Vietnam, Applied Economics, 49:55, 5579-5590.

Wei, S.J. & Wu, Yi. (2001). Globalization and Inequality: Evidence from Within China. NBER Working Paper, No. 8611.

Wicaksono, E., Amir, H., & Nugroho, A. (2017). The Sources of Income Inequality in Indonesia: A Regression-Based Inequality Decomposition. ADBI Working Papers, 667. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute.

Yang, J., & Qiu, M. (2016). The impact of education on income inequality and intergenerational mobility. China Economic Review, 37, 110-125.

Yang, Y., & Greaney, T. (2017). Economic growth and income inequality in the Asia-Pacific region: A comparative study of China, Japan, South Korea, and the United States. Journal of Asian Economics, 48, 6-22.

Downloads

Submitted

08/05/2024

Published

07/29/2024

How to Cite

Desfiandi, A., & Putra, R. P. (2024). The Effect of Credit among Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises on Income Inequality in Indonesia. International Research Journal of Business Studies, 16(3), 263-274. https://doi.org/10.21632/irjbs.16.3.263-274

How to Cite

Desfiandi, A., & Putra, R. P. (2024). The Effect of Credit among Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises on Income Inequality in Indonesia. International Research Journal of Business Studies, 16(3), 263-274. https://doi.org/10.21632/irjbs.16.3.263-274